text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = = = Common architectural design features = = = =
| 106862349749c384bfeb22460b217bb3 | 1,809,055 |
Structural design has always played an important part in the Commission 's cemeteries . Apart from a few exceptions , due to local geological conditions , the cemeteries follow the same design and uniform aesthetic all over the world . This makes the cemeteries easily recognisable and distinguishes them from war grave... | 6c7dd66fc567ce91a13bf5ae31d8f11c | 1,809,057 |
A typical cemetery is surrounded by a low wall or hedge and with a wrought @-@ iron gate entrance . For cemeteries in France and Belgium , a land tablet near the entrance or along a wall identifies the cemetery grounds as having been provided by the French or Belgian governments . All but the smallest cemeteries conta... | fa28389b74e42ca6d968b2bddfdef77c | 1,809,058 |
The cemetery grounds are , except in drier climates , grass covered with a floral border around the headstones . There is also an absence of any paving between the headstone rows which is intended to make the cemetery feel like a traditional walled garden where visitors could experience a sense of peace . However , Ca... | 85edfdaa1d0ec62615f9551e116e7feb | 1,809,059 |
= = = = Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance = = = =
| 85b1b120caf8afb976a0aa7a1509f10c | 1,809,061 |
Typically , cemeteries of more than 40 graves contain a Cross of Sacrifice designed by architect Reginald Blomfield . This cross was designed to imitate medieval crosses found in churchyards in England with proportions more commonly seen in the Celtic cross . The cross is normally a freestanding four @-@ point limesto... | 3641272deca799aa506742e8f8d23f61 | 1,809,063 |
Cemeteries with more than 1000 burials typically have a Stone of Remembrance , designed by Edwin Lutyens with the inscription " Their Name Liveth for Evermore " . The concept of the Stone of Remembrance stone was developed by Rudyard Kipling to commemorate those of all faiths and none respectively . In contrast to the... | ec03d8728c12bacb2131649425bfa02c | 1,809,064 |
= = = = Headstones = = = =
| fd813b62c98ed44d34566384d521767e | 1,809,066 |
Every grave is marked with a headstone . Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge , rank , name , unit , date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives . The headstones use a standard upper case lettering ... | ff660439a6b844272b61843dd00c16a5 | 1,809,068 |
Most headstones are inscribed with a cross , except for those deceased known to be atheist or non @-@ Christian . In the case of burials of Victoria Cross or George Cross recipients , the regimental badge is supplemented by the Victoria Cross or George Cross emblem . Sometimes a soldier employed a pseudonym because th... | 8a59933e2a257ef3562ce34e52d93cb2 | 1,809,069 |
Due to local conditions it was sometimes necessary for the Commission to deviate from its standard design . In places prone to extreme weather or earthquakes , such as Thailand and Turkey , stone @-@ faced pedestal markers are used instead of the normal headstones . These measures are intended to prevent masonry being... | 4384f040df46fc8511b32c1d88106df7 | 1,809,070 |
= = = = Horticulture = = = =
| c4ba0da1bc6ab3c81422737d73aa8205 | 1,809,072 |
Commission cemeteries are distinctive in treating floriculture as an integral part of the cemetery design . Originally , the horticultural concept was to create an environment where visitors could experience a sense of peace in a setting , in contrast to traditionally bleak graveyards . Recommendations given by Arthur... | 33003012377c295c12bb0b962bb44b77 | 1,809,074 |
Variety in texture , height and timing of floral display were equally important horticultural considerations . The beds around each headstone are planted with a mixture of floribunda roses and herbaceous perennials . Low @-@ growing plants are chosen for areas immediately in front of headstones , ensuring that inscrip... | eb681bf40bb2ca8881ca4d4e88689787 | 1,809,075 |
The absence of any form of paving between the headstone rows contributes to the simplicity of the cemetery designs . Lawn paths add to the garden ambiance , and are irrigated during the dry season in countries where there is insufficient rain . Where irrigation is inappropriate or impractical , dry landscaping is an e... | 1a8083237a2c876326e0bf037fed4b67 | 1,809,076 |
= = Organisation = =
| 6625607d0808271a369448b6da6c3c26 | 1,809,078 |
= = = Commissioners = = =
| e25f8224dd5155db8984e9f8bdf072c5 | 1,809,081 |
The affairs of the CWGC are overseen by a Board of Commissioners . The president of the board is Prince Edward , Duke of Kent , the chairman is United Kingdom Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon and the vice @-@ chairman Vice @-@ Admiral Tim Laurence . The members are : the High Commissioner for New Zealand ... | ed612c97c523e3f8460692560ebfaf22 | 1,809,083 |
= = = Functional structure = = =
| ec61d18fac4cd7c367590a2c0957837f | 1,809,085 |
The CWGC is headquartered in Maidenhead , England . Offices or agencies that are each responsible for a specific geographical area manage the worldwide affairs of the organisation . They are :
| 77246b528214fc27329a57c1e50b6069 | 1,809,087 |
France Area is headed by a director and is responsible for France ( including the island of Corsica ) , Monaco and Switzerland .
| 32ac0430d32bdd68fd8f2d99d4a44e5b | 1,809,088 |
Northern Europe Area , headed by a director and responsible for Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Poland and Sweden .
| a0e0378894744c241f5bc934665de027 | 1,809,089 |
United Kingdom Area , headed by a director and responsible for Channel Islands , Faroe Islands , Iceland , Ireland , Isle of Man and the United Kingdom
| fe15fd892df42ad04c62232a59e7542f | 1,809,090 |
Mediterranean Area headed by a director and responsible for Albania , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Azores , Bahrain , Canary Islands , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt , Gibraltar , Greece , Israel and Palestine , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Libya , Macedonia , Madeira , Malta , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Portugal , San Marino , ... | 6d30fb6a7f2b84ec301298cf41fca33a | 1,809,091 |
Canadian Agency is headed by a secretary @-@ general and responsible for Canada , the entire Americas ( including the Caribbean )
| 090eec0f4855c87c6b8e39e04272a74b | 1,809,092 |
Australia , managed by the Office of Australian War Graves in the Australian Department of Veterans Affairs on behalf of the CWGC , is responsible for Australia , Norfolk Island , Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
| 74fb77723a4acb9c17005b71a5e44e00 | 1,809,093 |
New Zealand , managed by the New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage on behalf of the CWGC , is responsible for New Zealand , New Caledonia , Samoa , Society Islands , Tonga and Vanuatu
| 1ce472d4780f1edf2ce8a53c02f62a42 | 1,809,094 |
South Africa Agency is headed by a secretary and is responsible for Republic of South Africa , Namibia , Saint Helena and Ascension Island
| d54f947cde413ff767a394d6799ca67a | 1,809,095 |
Africa , Asia and Pacific Area is headed by a director and is responsible for areas not covered by any of the other bodies .
| a1023fb582c663f8501fd7381fcf6f4d | 1,809,096 |
= = = Financing = = =
| 0188670fa94e9e2596f6dfa9869cd138 | 1,809,098 |
The CWGC 's work is funded predominantly by grants from the governments of the six member states . In the fiscal year 2012 / 13 , these grants amounted to £ 58 @.@ 6 million of the organisation 's £ 66 @.@ 5 million of income . This equates to an approximate cost of C $ 85 per commemorated war dead . The contribution ... | 76967f4aeb501dbdb34c8bb8b40bd505 | 1,809,100 |
= = Ongoing projects and issues = =
| 1630b20317c198666d54704decc0486a | 1,809,102 |
= = = War Graves Photographic Project = = =
| aa2140c7aad7000ad0b74e913c846db7 | 1,809,105 |
A project is underway to photograph the graves of and memorials to all service personnel from 1914 to the present day and make the images available to the public . The work is being carried out by The War Graves Photographic Project in conjunction with the CWGC . As of August 2013 , the project has recorded 1 @.@ 7 mi... | a93c83e905d714533f872d77c009836a | 1,809,107 |
= = = Reburials and identifications = = =
| 8506dc9858a0e55f1f4bf18e06a72478 | 1,809,109 |
Immediately following the First World War , the British Army remained responsible for the exhumation of remains . The Western Front was divided into sectors and combed for bodies by 12 @-@ man exhumation units . Between the Armistice and September 1921 , the exhumation units reburied 204 @,@ 695 bodies . After 1921 , ... | fcd2b979eecf08a9d57aa13c15c9b174 | 1,809,111 |
The discovery of remains of First and Second World War casualties remains a common occurrence with approximately 30 bodies discovered annually . For example , in 2006 eight bodies of Canadian soldiers from the 78th Battalion ( Winnipeg Grenadiers ) , CEF were discovered in a backyard in Hallu , France . In April 2013 ... | 5cdedf5a761f9fec38eb55c17c6c48ab | 1,809,112 |
When the remains of a Commonwealth soldier from the First or Second World War is discovered the Commission is notified and a Commission burial officer tries to collect any associated artifacts that may help in identify the remains . The details are then registered and archived at the Commission 's headquarters. the co... | 050a90a82fc1861ab6b7abbd92077943 | 1,809,113 |
= = = Vandalism = = =
| 388c440ddf37d281ec92c86ad0d57f89 | 1,809,115 |
Cemeteries , including those of war dead , are targets for vandalism . The gravestones , cemeteries and buildings of the Commission are no exception . The Commission believes that graffiti and damage to stonework are usually the pursuits partaken by young people , noting the number of incidents increases when schoolch... | b733cc7a08f78f8437ef0c21dac000df | 1,809,117 |
The vandalism of Commission cemeteries has also been connected to the participation of Commonwealth countries in contemporary conflicts . In the 1970s , in The Troubles , Commission cemeteries in Ireland experienced vandalism . Vandals defaced the central memorial of the Étaples Military Cemetery in northern France wi... | 6a4bad7f4af1232ddb06367ac0ebc301 | 1,809,118 |
= Tatwine =
| 8ef3cd07da9971715a709e1ab8d0c44a | 1,809,121 |
Tatwine or Tatwin ( Tatuini or Tadwinus ; c . 670 – 734 ) was the tenth Archbishop of Canterbury from 731 to 734 . Prior to becoming archbishop , he was a monk and abbot of a Benedictine monastery . Besides his ecclesiastical career , Tatwine was a writer , and riddles he composed survive . Another work he composed wa... | 1926082e3090efbcb6f99f22cfbe1cfc | 1,809,123 |
= = Biography = =
| f37d5df0802199f139f28a57214fa52b | 1,809,125 |
Tatwine was a Mercian by birth . His epigraph at Canterbury stated that when he died he was in old age , so perhaps he was born around 670 . He became a monk at the monastery at Breedon @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Hill in the present @-@ day County of Leicestershire , and then abbot of that house . Through the influence of Kin... | 27919fdf7a41cf8c842061876bf1d7af | 1,809,127 |
= = Writings = =
| 8c41bba60d82b705b440fac95dcc1b68 | 1,809,129 |
Bede 's commentary on Tatwine calls him a " vir religione et Prudentia insignis , sacris quoque literis nobiliter instructus " ( a man notable for his prudence , devotion and learning ) . These qualities were displayed in the two surviving manuscripts of his riddles and four of his Ars Tatuini . The Ars is one of only... | 5e04888161a44b67b2f7c3c08bd12f2e | 1,809,131 |
= German Type UB I submarine =
| 8b328f9ed3d46a3997cf1155ae311dec | 1,809,134 |
The Type UB I was a class of small coastal submarines ( U @-@ boats ) built in Germany at the beginning of the First World War . 20 boats were constructed , most of which went into service with the German Imperial Navy . Boats of this design were also operated by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( Kaiserliche und Königli... | 4a3652c458fbb70d33f7bd359a15a770 | 1,809,136 |
Built to meet the need for small maneuverable submarines able to operate in the narrow , shallow seas off Flanders , the vessels were intended to be quickly constructed , then shipped by rail and assembled at their port of operation . The design effort began in mid @-@ August 1914 and by mid @-@ October the first 15 b... | d55b11f452cd6af64164b2cd866ed8a2 | 1,809,137 |
In 1918 four of the surviving German boats were converted into coastal minelayers . Of the seventeen boats in German service , two were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary , one was sold to Bulgaria , and nine were lost during the war . One of the five Austro @-@ Hungarian boats was sunk and another mined and not repaired . T... | 613d21ff60a47900297263874412433c | 1,809,138 |
= = Design = =
| 27a68d88afcf8b73909bed8e24598173 | 1,809,140 |
In the earliest stages of the First World War the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast found the German Imperial Navy without submarines suitable to operate in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . By 18 August 1914 , two weeks after the German invasion of Belgium , the planning of a series of s... | e7e1ead569417a3e21301ccf9d6eb447 | 1,809,142 |
The German Imperial Navy stipulated that the submarines must be transportable by rail , which imposed a maximum diameter of 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) . The rushed planning effort — which had been assigned the name " Project 34 " — resulted in the Type UB I design , created specifically for operation from Flanders... | dddcbaa0b8fe6b56ade50ff16be0a667 | 1,809,143 |
Boats of the Type UB I design were built by two manufacturers , Germaniawerft of Kiel and AG Weser of Bremen , which led to some variations in boats from the two shipyards . The eight Germaniawerft @-@ built boats were slightly longer at 28 @.@ 10 metres ( 92 ft 2 in ) length overall , while the twelve Weser @-@ built... | 62531d023ffcb7bff48397b9a318d3de | 1,809,144 |
The drivetrain of the boats consisted of a single propeller shaft driven by a Daimler ( Germaniawerft ) or Körting ( Weser ) diesel engine on the surface , or a Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel . The Weser boats were capable of nearly 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ; 8 @.@ 6 mph ) on the sur... | f209ef5abad30909cfc125a877d68af1 | 1,809,145 |
= = Construction = =
| 659963170efbc5c6620e92288bf9f6d8 | 1,809,147 |
The German Imperial Navy ordered its first fifteen Type UB I boats on 15 October 1914 . Eight boats — numbered UB @-@ 1 to UB @-@ 8 — were ordered from Germaniawerft of Kiel , and seven boats — numbered UB @-@ 9 to U @-@ 15 — from AG Weser of Bremen . After two of the class , UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 15 , were sold in Febr... | 650100f825c2f94ab85c196ca373b537 | 1,809,149 |
UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 2 were laid down on 1 November 1914 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel . UB @-@ 1 was launched on 22 January 1915 , just 75 working days later . UB @-@ 2 's launch followed on 13 February . Among the Weser boats , UB @-@ 9 was laid down first , on 6 November 1914 , and launched on 6 February 1915 , ... | c7f71fbc9599f43fe48434622c166e1a | 1,809,150 |
The process of shipping the submarines by rail involved breaking the submarines down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . Type UB I boats destined for service with the Flanders Flotilla made a five @-@ day journey ... | 30c4462445f378d175183327764751c4 | 1,809,151 |
By July 1915 all seventeen of the German Imperial Navy Type UB Is had been completed .
| af4e131cf0c7d224678ce2d005592fca | 1,809,152 |
= = Service = =
| 74a6e74bb6776ec5bca6d2fa2727e14c | 1,809,154 |
During their trials the Type UB Is were found to be too small and too slow and had a reputation for being underpowered ; one commander compared his Type UB I to a " sewing machine " . According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast in their 1931 book The German Submarine War , 1914 – 1918 , the UBs did not h... | ad6deb79c46c16ea6f5c7387da191ea2 | 1,809,156 |
Another reported problem with the Type UB Is was the tendency to break trim after the firing of torpedoes . The boats were equipped with compensating tanks designed to flood and offset the loss of the C / 06 torpedo 's 1 @,@ 700 @-@ pound ( 770 kg ) weight , but this system did not always function properly ; as a resu... | 554a836276a7b9c8316ca0b9d7b09e30 | 1,809,157 |
Despite the problems , the " tin tadpoles " , as the Germans referred to them , were in active service from March 1915 through the end of the war , with half of the 20 boats lost during the war . Boats of the class served in three navies : the German Imperial Navy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , and the Bulgarian Na... | 100226c1936548aeb2bb7e17290f9ae8 | 1,809,158 |
= = = German Imperial Navy = = =
| 707b77b2e5640ed6490581ccf4b933f6 | 1,809,160 |
= = = = Flanders Flotilla = = = =
| 246b3bbc299a455db7c8380811a60e23 | 1,809,163 |
The first Type UB I to enter service was UB @-@ 10 , which formed the nucleus of the Flanders Flotilla , on 27 March 1915 . By the end of April five more Type UB I boats had become operational . UB @-@ 10 was eventually joined in the Flanders Flotilla by UB @-@ 2 , UB @-@ 4 , UB @-@ 5 , UB @-@ 6 , UB @-@ 12 , UB @-@ 1... | 4b236c4af3238b8e564e9fd3149ace76 | 1,809,165 |
UB @-@ 4 departed on the first patrol from Flanders on 9 April , and was responsible for sinking the first ship sent down by the flotilla . The Type UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla originally patrolled the area between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands , but began patrolling the English Channel after UB @-@ 6... | e0f21a672987dbd8c0dcdf7875d66807 | 1,809,166 |
Over the Type UB Is ' first year of service , UB @-@ 4 and UB @-@ 13 were both lost , and UB @-@ 2 and UB @-@ 5 were transferred to the Baltic Flotilla . In March 1917 , UB @-@ 6 ran aground in Dutch waters and was interned for the rest of the war , along with her crew . The four remaining Type UB Is in Flanders — UB ... | 8a70d4f725ea66c16c36e920e362fe0b | 1,809,167 |
= = = = Baltic Flotilla = = = =
| 2f3e22f480fed326644db8511d8b6105 | 1,809,169 |
UB @-@ 9 was initially assigned to the Baltic Flotilla , and was joined by UB @-@ 2 and UB @-@ 5 in early 1916 . All three became training boats at Kiel in 1916 , joining UB @-@ 11 in that duty . Little information is available about the Type UB I boats operating in the Baltic .
| 11e3658d21c9f871bb42a36154490136 | 1,809,171 |
= = = = Constantinople Flotilla = = = =
| a5d5cd1d006994c6761512215872102b | 1,809,173 |
Four of the German Imperial Navy boats — UB @-@ 3 , UB @-@ 7 , UB @-@ 8 , and UB @-@ 14 — were selected for service with the Constantinople Flotilla . All were sent to Pola for assembly and trials there as part of the Pola Flotilla before sailing on to join the Constantinople Flotilla . UB @-@ 3 disappeared en route t... | 0d0eb975dc3f7230b6e1fea377bc485e | 1,809,175 |
The three Type UB I boats of the Constantinople Flotilla seem to have patrolled primarily in the Black Sea . UB @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , and UB @-@ 7 disappeared in the Black Sea in October 1916 , leaving UB @-@ 14 as the sole remaining German Type UB I in the flotilla ; she was surren... | 953d8a172a3bd26e7b6be6f614e0c6a0 | 1,809,176 |
= = = Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy = = =
| 00dcfca9a91418cc7cc19c15b2f70916 | 1,809,178 |
UB @-@ 1 and the still incomplete UB @-@ 15 were sold to the Austria @-@ Hungary in February 1915 ; both were dismantled and shipped to Pola in May . After one cruise under the German flag , each boat was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . The pair — renamed U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively — were j... | 7bc307bfe4cd6ff8a39bd90dffa367b4 | 1,809,180 |
= = = Bulgarian Navy = = =
| 8be969a0e4229526c40b99051a5f08c2 | 1,809,182 |
After UB @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , she was renamed Podvodnik No. 18 ( in Cyrillic : Пoдвoдник No. 18 ) . She was Bulgaria 's first submarine , and was engaged primarily in coastal defense duties off Bulgaria 's main Black Sea port of Varna . Podvodnik No. 18 survived the war and was ced... | 642b83eb3e975a3652aac64ea055406a | 1,809,184 |
= = List of Type UB I submarines = =
| eff65a68b93da83f3ca964632d092fd4 | 1,809,186 |
20 Type UB I submarines were built , 17 for the German Imperial Navy and three for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Two of the German submarines — UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 15 — were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary and commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively . Those two and a furth... | 8f7b28e84bb38231be353706ab82efe3 | 1,809,188 |
= = = German Imperial Navy = = =
| 707b77b2e5640ed6490581ccf4b933f6 | 1,809,190 |
SM UB @-@ 1 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 10 , July 1915 )
| e18dffbad9a5140a59a28581dfadacfd | 1,809,192 |
SM UB @-@ 2
| 995ae7d29ca9549e548b3abea6829793 | 1,809,193 |
SM UB @-@ 3
| 343d2e6730d29a6ccb4cc5e791cade55 | 1,809,194 |
SM UB @-@ 4
| abb3e19d7145ecb74706ee9855ed9064 | 1,809,195 |
SM UB @-@ 5
| 8cb71da2a016f288335244b5c3582baf | 1,809,196 |
SM UB @-@ 6
| 66d7aa20dd5a71605ba1eb9bcb5b1067 | 1,809,197 |
SM UB @-@ 7
| 657727979a5dc5c3f4ddc7d6121eaaea | 1,809,198 |
SM UB @-@ 8 ( became the Bulgarian Podvodnik No. 18 , May 1916 )
| 517cb246fd97c2dacbb4f91cf566d441 | 1,809,199 |
SM UB @-@ 9
| 736950b11a0a367804fef1f1dcd9fbbe | 1,809,200 |
SM UB @-@ 10
| 87e1442dd5d5eee0b421196ed3145df6 | 1,809,201 |
SM UB @-@ 11
| daac71db91ad78fee7f0d9dc67f135d8 | 1,809,202 |
SM UB @-@ 12
| 92938ae5afba12083729a65c91f14ef5 | 1,809,203 |
SM UB @-@ 13
| 372633592ec9062df6a4e287475d3da6 | 1,809,204 |
SM UB @-@ 14
| d2173fc8817d874cdbaa14b537d67d91 | 1,809,205 |
SM UB @-@ 15 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 11 , June 1915 )
| 9642052d705839231bda771ffb3972ab | 1,809,206 |
SM UB @-@ 16
| 5cfafae17a62de040b7629cec22614b1 | 1,809,207 |
SM UB @-@ 17
| a27b2743936f125dcf8ff47ae714d7e6 | 1,809,208 |
= = = Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy = = =
| 00dcfca9a91418cc7cc19c15b2f70916 | 1,809,210 |
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