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He re @-@ emerges during the revolt of Saturninus in 89 . On 1 January , 89 , the governor of Germania Superior , Lucius Antonius Saturninus , and his two legions at Mainz , Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XXI Rapax , revolted against the Roman Empire with the aid of a tribe of the Chatti . The governor of Germania Inferio... | c41710b40f3d101e442398ded0d34486 | 1,809,356 |
Domitian opened the year following the revolt by sharing the consulship with Nerva . Again , the honour suggested Nerva had played a part in uncovering the conspiracy , perhaps in a fashion similar to what he did during the Pisonian conspiracy under Nero . Alternatively , Domitian may have selected Nerva as his collea... | dcf0399eb16a57429436d8946e4397a7 | 1,809,357 |
= = Emperor = =
| 51caacbccc55ab22ff9f4db81469e2bb | 1,809,359 |
= = = Accession = = =
| 362ac038d4f9f528ee2fb96c2804a303 | 1,809,362 |
On 18 September , 96 , Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy organised by court officials . The Fasti Ostienses , the Ostian Calendar , records that the same day the Senate proclaimed Marcus Cocceius Nerva emperor . Despite his political experience , this was a remarkable choice . Nerva was old and childles... | 776831526c08cd62bfb25393000a15b0 | 1,809,364 |
According to Cassius Dio , the conspirators approached Nerva as a potential successor prior to the assassination , which indicates that he was at least aware of the plot . Suetonius by contrast does not mention Nerva , but he may have omitted his role out of tactfulness . Considering the works of Suetonius were publis... | b4edd9e6c5ec6aaea394050429c7f2ea | 1,809,365 |
Although he appeared to be an unlikely candidate on account of his age and weak health , Nerva was considered a safe choice precisely because he was old and childless . Furthermore , he had close connections with the Flavian dynasty and commanded the respect of a substantial part of the Senate . Nerva had seen the ana... | 6085c3e60d74edb888c5baba4b72ee52 | 1,809,366 |
Following the accession of Nerva as emperor , the Senate passed damnatio memoriae on Domitian : his coins and statues were melted , his arches were torn down and his name was erased from all public records . In many instances , existing portraits of Domitian , such as those found on the Cancelleria Reliefs , were simp... | c3e32983aef8e74677bc37dd36c14406 | 1,809,367 |
= = = Administration = = =
| 4e52b082eb36e67683849d1648c218ff | 1,809,369 |
The change of government was welcome particularly to the senators , who had been harshly persecuted during Domitian 's reign . As an immediate gesture of goodwill towards his supporters , Nerva publicly swore that no senators would be put to death as long as he remained in office . He called an end to trials based on ... | fcb0fabd76ca990d01465b9d0294c0ec | 1,809,371 |
All properties which had been confiscated by Domitian were returned to their respective families . Nerva also sought to involve the Senate in his government , but this was not entirely successful . He continued to rely largely on friends and advisors that were known and trusted , and by maintaining friendly relations ... | bc6291b80e6a79c671e12f09c0a44543 | 1,809,372 |
Having been proclaimed emperor solely on the initiative of the Senate , Nerva had to introduce a number of measures to gain support among the Roman populace . As was custom by this time , a change of emperor was expected to bring with it a generous payment of gifts and money to the people and the army . Accordingly , ... | acf8fcbe6bd2588232276ee203b899c2 | 1,809,373 |
To the poorest , Nerva granted allotments of land worth up to 60 million sesterces . He exempted parents and their children from a 5 % inheritance tax , and he made loans to Italian landowners on the condition that they pay interest of 5 % to their municipality to support the children of needy families ; alimentary sc... | 1cf73d32b57d694928e1bfc67f6206ad | 1,809,374 |
Before long , Nerva 's expenses strained the economy of Rome and , although perhaps not ruinous to the extent once suggested by Syme , necessitated the formation of a special commission of economy to drastically reduce expenditures . The most superfluous religious sacrifices , games and horse races were abolished , wh... | ab29f2574665b48aeac725430e304d80 | 1,809,375 |
Because he reigned only briefly , Nerva 's public works were few , instead completing projects which had been initiated under Flavian rule . This included extensive repairs to the Roman road system and the expansion of the aqueducts . The latter program was headed by the former consul Sextus Julius Frontinus , who hel... | 572828a1b4a294f83b999b6f0fa42c49 | 1,809,376 |
= = = Crisis of succession = = =
| 10c2f7424b2b4f63f2595c706619056f | 1,809,378 |
Despite Nerva 's measures to remain popular with the Senate and the Roman people , support for Domitian remained strong in the army , which had called for his deification immediately after the assassination . In an attempt to appease the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard , Nerva had dismissed their prefect Titus Petron... | b35f8ef6f823421dc1f02b92b56a3a1e | 1,809,380 |
Likewise , the generous donativum bestowed upon the soldiers following his accession was expected to swiftly silence any protests against the violent regime change . The Praetorians considered these measures insufficient , however , and demanded the execution of Domitian 's assassins , which Nerva refused . Continued ... | 634cc7650ad528dd91476bd70bd380f1 | 1,809,381 |
While the swift transfer of power following Domitian 's death had prevented a civil war from erupting , Nerva 's position as an emperor soon proved too vulnerable , and his benign nature turned into a reluctance to assert his authority . Upon his accession , he had ordered a halt to treason trials , but at the same ti... | ec78c7a2e3aca64cbc4ec73c5cb90d42 | 1,809,382 |
The situation was further aggravated by the absence of a clear successor , made more pressing because of Nerva 's old age and sickness . He had no natural children of his own and only distant relatives , who were unsuited for political office . A successor would have to be chosen from among the governors or generals i... | 67a0706064e65fd960a78a7bdbbe62c7 | 1,809,383 |
In October 97 these tensions came to a head when the Praetorian Guard , led by Casperius Aelianus , laid siege to the Imperial Palace and took Nerva hostage . He was forced to submit to their demands , agreeing to hand over those responsible for Domitian 's death and even giving a speech thanking the rebellious Praeto... | d4cb07d43abe1b9656a5ad744a9d603f | 1,809,384 |
He realized that his position was no longer tenable without the support of an heir who had the approval of both the army and the people . Shortly thereafter , he announced the adoption of Trajan as his successor , and with this decision all but abdicated . Trajan was formally bestowed with the title of Caesar and shar... | 42cece4697dff17d5a3ffcba7e7fa807 | 1,809,385 |
Contrary to the view here popularized by Cassius Dio , however , Nerva had in fact little choice with regard to his successor . Faced with a major crisis , he desperately needed the support of a man who could restore his damaged reputation . The only candidate with sufficient military experience , consular ancestry , ... | 4d16b9b1dd0a71a5a2e695df3b45297e | 1,809,386 |
= = Death and legacy = =
| b3c89d43da3a8d6720759eae4e8a3a32 | 1,809,388 |
On 1 January , 98 , at the start of his fourth consulship , Nerva suffered a stroke during a private audience . Shortly thereafter he was struck by a fever and died at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust , on 28 January . He was deified by the Senate , and his ashes were laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Augustus .
| 2bdaf2ac9521d35c180b771b83001686 | 1,809,390 |
Nerva was succeeded without incident by his adopted son Trajan , who was greeted by the Roman populace with much enthusiasm . According to Pliny the Younger , Trajan dedicated a temple in honour of Nerva , yet no trace of it has ever been found ; nor was a commemorative series of coins for the Deified Nerva issued unt... | ceb4e6c2a67f9014bd103ed901005d3b | 1,809,391 |
Due to the lack of written sources on this period , much of Nerva 's life has remained obscure . The most substantial surviving account of the reign of Nerva was written by the 3rd @-@ century historian Cassius Dio . His Roman History , which spans nearly a millennium , from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy until the ye... | a0e754ef4b764eca0de84489bc54ae80 | 1,809,392 |
A more comprehensive text , presumed to describe the life of Nerva in closer detail , is the Histories , by the contemporary historian Tacitus . The Histories is an account of the history of Rome covering three decades from the suicide of emperor Nero in 69 until the death of Domitian in 96 . Unfortunately , a substan... | 4562c9bbf980928dcbb63071f134ac2a | 1,809,393 |
The surviving histories speak equally positively of Nerva 's brief reign , although none offer a substantial commentary on his policies . Both Cassius Dio and Aurelius Victor emphasize his wisdom and moderation , with Dio commending his decision to adopt Trajan as his heir . These views were later popularized by the 1... | 6e046eaeda10d7d8b00eb9657feb1e2a | 1,809,394 |
Modern history has expanded upon this sentiment , characterizing Nerva as a well @-@ intentioned but weak and ineffectual ruler . The Roman Senate enjoyed renewed liberties under his rule , but Nerva 's mismanagement of the state finances and lack of authority over the army ultimately brought Rome near the edge of a s... | 3185d3c38b3ed9b08280e7b31d3d32b1 | 1,809,395 |
His place in Roman history is therefore summarized as a necessary , if tumultuous stop @-@ gap before the Trajanic @-@ Antonine dynasties . It is a fact of irony that even the only major public work completed during his reign , the Forum of Nerva , ultimately became known as the Forum Transitorium , or transitional fo... | fe3adb2cc3c937d508a1eb748379d9d1 | 1,809,396 |
Two modern statues which commemorate Nerva can be found in towns associated with him . There is an equestrian statue in Gloucester , England , a town which was founded in his honour . It is at the entrance to Southgate Street . There is also a statue at his alleged birthplace , Narni in Italy , at Cocceio Nerva street... | 17c25932f4475a2b37b189395a0329f6 | 1,809,397 |
= = Nerva – Antonine family tree = =
| a5ceaa780e875cc13f83e4bc0efafe36 | 1,809,399 |
= = In popular culture = =
| e3f88c86dc3837edd8eda4ec57e954be | 1,809,402 |
Nerva was played by Norman Wooland in the 1951 film Quo Vadis .
| 251db20eaa92506fbef57ea50ea7382d | 1,809,404 |
He was also played by Giuliano Gemma in the 1964 film Revolt of the Praetorians .
| 4b653842bc265e37e7b9963a118e780d | 1,809,405 |
= = = Secondary material = = =
| 687e919cf4dc0e4d449ec7d7b916c303 | 1,809,407 |
Narnia web links , International links ' , International links from Narnia.it web site
| f7211e7760dc433e378392dbfb3f712c | 1,809,409 |
Wend , David ( 1998 ) . " Nerva ( 96 – 98 A.D. ) " . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 08 @-@ 11 .
| 908df955fc9a9f99940189a624713fda | 1,809,410 |
Pelham , Henry Francis ( 1911 ) . " Nerva , Marcus Cocceius " . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 393 – 394 .
| 903e5422b8d4700aa409c0a7199ae359 | 1,809,411 |
= The Hustler ( film ) =
| 76ece325081d279ba6ce7db4ec66ce04 | 1,809,413 |
The Hustler is a 1961 American drama film directed by Robert Rossen from Walter Tevis 's 1959 novel of the same name , adapted for the screen by Rossen and Sidney Carroll . It tells the story of small @-@ time pool hustler " Fast Eddie " Felson and his desire to break into the " major league " of professional hustling... | cd080667ad34e912b26c0a1e6d8c0a90 | 1,809,415 |
The film was shot on location in New York City . It stars Paul Newman as " Fast " Eddie Felson , Jackie Gleason as Minnesota Fats , Piper Laurie as Sarah , and George C. Scott as Bert .
| f5fcb77e073cd093ada60cbd709055a4 | 1,809,416 |
The Hustler was a major critical and popular success , gaining a reputation as a modern classic . Its exploration of winning , losing , and character garnered a number of major awards ; it is also credited with helping to spark a resurgence in the popularity of pool . Real @-@ life pool player Rudolf Wanderone , known... | 045c2e1f85aa133d8e33fafb5ea619b4 | 1,809,417 |
= = Plot = =
| 7a5625aae35b14ae7adf319ca468714f | 1,809,419 |
Small @-@ time pool hustler " Fast Eddie " Felson travels cross @-@ country with his partner Charlie to challenge the legendary player " Minnesota Fats " . Arriving at Fats ' home pool hall , Eddie declares he will win $ 10 @,@ 000 that night . Fats arrives and he and Eddie agree to play straight pool for $ 200 a game... | 46d83e1d54d4198c99ab6ed03a25d7e7 | 1,809,421 |
Eddie stashes his belongings at the local bus terminal , where he meets Sarah Packard , an alcoholic who is supported by her father , attends college part @-@ time , and walks with a limp . He meets her again at a bar . They go back to her place but she refuses to let him in , saying he is " too hungry " . Eddie moves... | 10a526607f2e4a774a011c9b892e453c | 1,809,422 |
At Johnny 's Bar , Eddie joins a poker game where Bert is playing , and loses $ 20 . Afterward , Bert tells Eddie that he has talent as a pool player but no character . He figures that Eddie will need at least $ 3 @,@ 000 to challenge Fats again . Bert calls him a " born loser " but nevertheless offers to stake him in... | c04956ef542de746f699ea71a7c301dd | 1,809,423 |
Eddie humiliates a local pool shark , exposing himself as a hustler , and the other players punish him by breaking his thumbs . As he heals , Sarah cares for him and tells him she loves him , but he cannot say the words in return . When Eddie is ready to play , he agrees to Bert 's terms , deciding that a " 25 % slice... | f31e6a9adfbce546a0c0598730352e60 | 1,809,424 |
Bert , Eddie , and Sarah travel to the Kentucky Derby , where Bert arranges a match for Eddie against a wealthy local socialite named Findley . The game turns out to be carom billiards , not pool . When Eddie loses badly , Bert refuses to keep staking him . Sarah pleads with Eddie to leave with her , saying that the w... | 425b10cf3d5ef6429e264c561ee8bbba | 1,809,425 |
Eddie returns to challenge Fats again , putting up his entire $ 3 @,@ 000 stake on a single game . He wins game after game , beating Fats so badly that Fats is forced to quit . Bert demands a share of Eddie 's winnings and threatens that Eddie will be injured unless he pays . But Eddie says that if he is not killed he... | d70ce44f9e32aa006498f7423ecf864b | 1,809,426 |
= = Cast = =
| 40fd18b3951e93ebe44773cb16de6388 | 1,809,428 |
Cast notes
| a9e8a91709d631a885e189564cc77d38 | 1,809,430 |
Pool champion Willie Mosconi has a cameo appearance as Willie , who holds the stakes for Eddie and Fats 's games . Mosconi 's hands also appear in many of the closeup shots .
| f2b2d00c06ce09f300be156e5833ae53 | 1,809,431 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 1,809,433 |
The Tevis novel had been optioned several times , including by Frank Sinatra , but attempts to adapt it for the screen were unsuccessful . Director Rossen 's daughter Carol Rossen speculates that previous adaptations focused too much on the pool aspects of the story and not enough on the human interaction . Rossen , w... | b9a83184793a89c8ebb1ea6e8c48e72e | 1,809,435 |
According to Bobby Darin 's agent , Martin Baum , Paul Newman 's agent turned down the part of Fast Eddie . Newman was originally unavailable to play Fast Eddie regardless , being committed to star opposite Elizabeth Taylor in the film Two for the Seesaw . Rossen offered Darin the part after seeing him on The Mike Wal... | e442ce361a7ee983be89495832ef3e09 | 1,809,436 |
Rossen filmed The Hustler over six weeks , entirely in New York City . Much of the action was filmed at two now @-@ defunct pool halls , McGirr 's and Ames Billiard Academy . Other shooting locations included a townhouse on East 82nd Street , which served as the Louisville home of Murray Hamilton 's character Findley ... | 783662de9d1d513ee7afb217fe06a6f6 | 1,809,437 |
Early shooting put more focus on the pool playing , but during filming Rossen made the decision to place more emphasis on the love story between Newman and Laurie 's characters . Despite the change in emphasis , Rossen still used the various pool games to show the strengthening of Eddie 's character and the evolution ... | 4986221db26b7945bb08ef35e896309a | 1,809,438 |
= = Themes = =
| 74e5290bee88944de086663dae10ada2 | 1,809,440 |
The Hustler is fundamentally a story of what it means to be a human being , couched within the context of winning and losing . Describing the film , Robert Rossen said : " My protagonist , Fast Eddie , wants to become a great pool player , but the film is really about the obstacles he encounters in attempting to fulfi... | d4d7ac80973477510f652ab80cd381ab | 1,809,442 |
The film was also somewhat autobiographical for Rossen , relating to his dealings with the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . A screenwriter during the 1930s and ' 40s , he had been involved with the Communist Party in the 1930s and refused to name names at his first HUAC appearance . Ultimately he changed h... | c3916cd91b448393a353d2b364dbe42e | 1,809,443 |
Film and theatre historian Ethan Mordden has identified The Hustler as one of a handful of films from the early 1960s that re @-@ defined the relationship of films to their audiences . This new relationship , he writes , is " one of challenge rather than flattery , of doubt rather than certainty . " No film of the 195... | 1b93939acd245d7c09a6be689481846a | 1,809,444 |
= = Reception = =
| f8d79e3fcb54590ed5efe8209a7826d9 | 1,809,446 |
The Hustler had its world premiere in Washington , D.C. on September 25 , 1961 . Prior to the premiere , Richard Burton hosted a midnight screening of the film for the casts of the season 's Broadway shows , which generated a great deal of positive word of mouth . Initially reluctant to publicize the film , 20th Centu... | 0468c5de9adeaa6d052924c4c0c000c0 | 1,809,448 |
The film was well received by critics , although with the occasional caveat . Variety praised the performances of the entire main cast but felt that the " sordid aspects " of the story prevented the film from achieving the " goal of being pure entertainment . " Variety also felt the film was far too long . Stanley Kau... | 8ad10231640038f24a3d90690702ada3 | 1,809,449 |
The Hustler received nine Academy Award nominations . The film won two , for Best Art Direction @-@ Set Decoration , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( Harry Horner and Gene Callahan ) and Best Cinematography , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( Eugen Schüfftan ) . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Newman was nominated f... | de6c85976f25420073cb2466586c91c0 | 1,809,450 |
Newman was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . Gleason and Scott were each nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Scott was also nominated as Best New Star of the Year . At the 1962 BAFTA Awards , The Hustler tied with the Soviet film Ballad of a Soldier for Best Film from Any Source . Newman won for ... | f73ff5553963a416ffe2d10ade6b51a7 | 1,809,451 |
American Film Institute Lists
| a76c4e5b9746e4325160d7238cfb802c | 1,809,452 |
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated
| fa746d3b1902c1c2d1d1f64e8624db3a | 1,809,453 |
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - Nominated
| d51e3d570638e4daed401af3b89b847d | 1,809,454 |
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains :
| 785c17922268f3540027a7fcade2ae0b | 1,809,455 |
Bert Gordon - Nominated Villain
| ca09430cf522965bd417cbe4c7f15112 | 1,809,456 |
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes :
| 3fce224d061ada79595f1bbbfa8cc0e0 | 1,809,457 |
" Eddie , you 're a born loser . " - Nominated
| 374eaeaadba2a01486aef54060c7f444 | 1,809,458 |
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated
| c7c80071addbd40432e2a74e4dfd1e47 | 1,809,459 |
AFI 's 10 Top 10 - # 6 Sports Film
| e401e68505096a0d6e3daeb7f0242bed | 1,809,460 |
= = Legacy = =
| b4fa22c13235a44f06adb277883cbe5d | 1,809,462 |
In the decades since its release , The Hustler has cemented its reputation as a classic . Roger Ebert , echoing earlier praise for the performances , direction , and cinematography and adding laurels for editor Dede Allen , cites the film as " one of those films where scenes have such psychic weight that they grow in ... | 1de07e51921859356b61df65f9e9de10 | 1,809,464 |
Paul Newman reprised his role as Fast Eddie Felson in the 1986 film The Color of Money , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . A number of observers and critics have suggested that this Oscar was in belated recognition for his performance in The Hustler . In 1997 , the Library of Congre... | 938883d5a6d1f78bf071189c36f84848 | 1,809,465 |
The Hustler is credited with sparking a resurgence in the popularity of pool in the United States , which had been on the decline for decades . The film also brought recognition to Willie Mosconi , who , despite having won multiple world championships , was virtually unknown to the general public . Perhaps the greates... | 15ffebdf864375f4c7fceca888ffdd00 | 1,809,466 |
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